Analysis of the amino acid composition of cell culture media
With the rapid development of biopharmaceutical enterprisers in China, being as an important raw material of biopharmaceuticals, culture media have gradually been paid attention to by some biomedicine and biological products companies. Although culture medium is not the only important factor in cell culture, it is indeed the most important one. Being as one of the raw materials in the development and production of antibodies and recombinant protein drugs, it directly affects the quality and quantity of the product and has a significant impact on the cell culture medium. Monitoring the content of each component and the change of component content of culture medium during the cell culture process is of great significance to establishment of an efficient cell culture process.
The optimization and monitoring of culture media are crucial steps for maintaining high cell viability and productivity in biopharmaceutical manufacturing (Huang et al., 2010).
The composition of cell culture medium is one of the most important factors for the success of cell culture in vitro. Cell culture medium must contain sufficient nutrients to meet the material and energy needed to complete new cell synthesis, cell metabolism and other biochemical reactions. The main components of cell culture medium include water, amino acids, vitamins, carbohydrates, inorganic salts and other auxiliary nutrients.
In addition to basic nutrients, cell culture media may also be supplemented with growth factors, trace elements, and lipids to further enhance cell proliferation and protein expression (Jayme et al., 2020).
Different types of cells have different requirements for amino acids. Essential amino acids include L-glutamine, L-histidine, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-lysine, L-methionine, and L-Phenylalanine, L-threonine, L-tryptophan, L-valine, etc., all of which are necessary raw materials for cells to synthesize proteins, they are unable to be converted and synthesized by other amino acids or sugars.
The balance and concentration of essential amino acids are critical, as deficiencies or excesses can lead to altered cellular metabolism, impacting glycosylation patterns or reducing protein yields (Altamirano et al., 2013).
In addition, glutamine is also necessary for human. Glutamine has a special function and is particularly important for cell culture. It can promote various amino acids enter into cell membrane; its nitrogen is the source of purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids, and it also synthesizes adenosine monophosphate, adenosine diphosphate and adenosine triphosphate. Raw materials. Cells need to synthesize nucleic acids and proteins from glutamine. Lacking of glutamine will lead to poor cell growth even death. A certain amount of glutamine should be added in the preparation of various culture media.
Due to its instability, glutamine is often replaced by more stable dipeptide derivatives like alanyl-glutamine in industrial cell culture to minimize ammonia accumulation and enhance cell viability (Wlaschin & Hu, 2006).
References:
- Huang Y, et al. “Optimization of chemically defined media for CHO cell culture by using design of experiments (DOE) methodology.” Cytotechnology. 2010;62(5):423-433.
- Jayme DW, et al. “Advanced media for animal cell culture: chemically defined and protein-free formulations.” Cytotechnology. 2020;72(4):543-559.
- Altamirano C, et al. “Improvement of CHO cell culture performance by manipulating amino acid metabolism with a lipid supplement.” Biotechnol Prog. 2013;29(6):1325-1336.
- Wlaschin KF, Hu WS. “Fedbatch culture and dynamic nutrient feeding.” In: Biopharmaceutical Production Technology. Wiley-VCH; 2006.